Lets go back to the start.
There is no moral dilemma with respect to Covid, no more than any dilemmas with respect to all drug development.
Most people want to minimise/reduce/eliminate animal testing. Not so hard to achieve for cosmetics,
Vaccines and other drugs are required by law everywhere to be tested for safety, using animals, before human testing can start. This is for basic safety and not efficacy. You cannot get around this. If you can then there is a fortune waiting to be made and few would object. Yes, we know animal testing is not perfect - but it is the best available so far. Perhaps one day AI models of human biological processes will be smart enough to reduce animal testing needs.
Safety testing is not allowed on humans - even volunteers. I know it did not bother Mengeles, but that is an outlier position.
Efficacy testing is allowed on volunteers and is being done right now on several vaccines. There appears to be some promise - or at least not a flat failure.