Fascism is essentially a revolt of the lower middle class in times of great political and economic crises. Big business possesses sufficient wealth to weather economic slumps, working class organisation takes the form or trade unions. It’s the small business person, self employed, tradesmen etc who feel caught in the middle and are attracted to ‘the great leader’ and his promise to deliver them from financial ruin. This is why fascism frequently employs radical sounding anti-capitalist rhetoric.
Nazism was peculiar in that it combined a virulent ideological anti-Semitic Aryan supremacy with the more traditional murderous authoritarianism. Fascism is not necessarily predominantly racist in character. It was not a major feature of either Mussolini’s or Franco’s dictatorships.
Classical fascist movements combine an electoral strategy with a street movement that, left unchecked, develops into a paramilitary unit that terrorises and ultimately aims to smash working class resistance-the left, trade unions etc. It frequently seeks a scapegoat, Jews, immigrants, ‘wokeism’ etc.
Fascism is distinguished from other forms of authoritarianism by the ideological commitment of its base. Historic examples demonstrate that the police force can be unreliable and the army prone to mutiny, whilst ideologically intoxicated Storm Troopers are much more reliable. Fascism is a distinct and distinctly dangerous phenomenon. Simply labelling any authoritarian figure (Trump, Putin) as a fascist is unhelpful as it can obscure the emergence of genuine fascism, which must be eliminated at birth.