How are you defining cheap lens? I think we're talking at cross purposes here. By cheap I'm meaning low quality, because ultimately a low quality lens will always end up cheaper than a high quality one. I suspect by cheap you are just referring to the final price to the consumer.
Let's leave out the complexity of where the lens is sourced as that's only confusing the issue. All other things being equal, there are only three things that determine the price of a lens:
a) accuracy of the shape of the lens - this takes time and effort and so is a significant element to the cost
b) the refractive index of the material used - higher indexes lead to thinner lenses. Thinner lenses are more expensive, because the materials are more expensive. They're not optically superior but they are for a lot of people aesthetically so, which adds further to their price.
c) coatings - there are various coatings that can be applied. They all cost money. One can argue about one coating being better than another and whether it's worth the extra cost, but let's ignore that for now.
Those are the facts. The problem for the purchaser is in the main a). Some outlets just don't provide lenses that are of good quality with respect to their accuracy. Because getting a) right is expensive, presuming b) and c) are the same the lens will be cheaper. It's primarily these "cheaper" lenses that chain companies sell.
The advantage of going to an independant optician over a chain is that you are far more likely to get the option to get an accurately ground lens, something that just isn't possible from a chain outlet. It's not possible because chain outlets are focused on providing the cheapest glasses to people that they can and that by definition means they will always use cheaper less accurate lenses.
On top of all that, you have online providers, which just like anything that's sourced online allows people the oportunity to save money by getting high quality lenses significantly cheaper than would be available from any physical optician. This is nothing new, it's just the economy of online vs high street and is the same for all products.
Irrespective of where you source your lenses there are brands that'll always be higher quality than others. The benefit of online is that it brings the cost of those high quality brands down significantly. Zeiss, Essilor, Nikon* are all considered to be the among the best lens manufacturers in the world. After that you have the likes of Hoya etc. Then you have the "no name" brands of which there are many and are whom the likes of specsavers will use because they're cheap.
Ultimately though, there is no getting away from the fact that a high quality lens will always be a more expensive lens. You simply cant get around the fact that lens accuracy requires time, effort and precision to achieve and all of that costs money. How much a given lens ends up costing to the final consumer varies hugely depending on the chain between manufacturer and consumer. Any outlets with a physical premisis will always be more expensive than an online source.
*I'm referring specifically to spectacle lens manufacturers here, there are other very high quality lens manufacturers who make lenses for telescopes, microsopes etc who are of equal or better quality than the likes of Zeiss et al but just don't make spectacle lenses.
As for your "up sell" and testing points. Well they are fair assumptions but in my case, they're wrong. Both specsavers and the independant did the same tests for visual field of view etc. The only extra test the independant did was a retinal picture (which yes I'm fully aware isn't anything to do with ascertaining a prescription). Yet the lens I got from specsavers was poorly ground, because as above, they're cheaply sourced and so will never be ground to the same precision as other brands.
As for the up sell point, I chose the independant I did, specifically because I had done my own research and decided I wanted Zeiss lenses and they confirmed that they could provide them. So they didn't "up sell" the more expensive lenses to me, I went to them knowing what I wanted to purchase.
I can't speak to the Boots prices. My Zeiss lens distance glasses came to £240. The frames were £40, the coatings (plural) £40 per lens and the rest the base Zeiss price, i.e. £60 per lens. This was admittedly just before the pandemic.