In 1980 I had a Ariston RD11e (upgraded from an Micro Seiki MB10), a Sugden A48II and a pair of Cambridge Audio L30 speakers. I still have the Sugden (looks scruffy and needs caps) and the speakers (stuck on a shelf somewhere). The turntable was replaced after a couple of years with a P3 and then a Gyro SE, which is still here and probably forever. The thing that struck me reading this thread is that in 40+ years I have only used four turntables in anger, 4 (or maybe 5) amps and 4 pairs of speakers. Needless to say, this house of full of stuff bought for cheap and needing fixing that I will get around to eventually.
But to answer the question, my choice for an early '80s system based on the things I have had are: Rega P3 (forget any Dual), Quad 33/303 or maybe a 405. Speakers? who knows - I always like Rogers Export Monitors and Spendor BC1s, but they were a bit more late '70s than '80s. Or a bit left field, Tannoy Profile 638s - I have a pair of and they are awesome, if ugly, and can probably be got cheapish. The are better than the Precision 6.2s I have now, especially for reggae, but the 6.2s fit in the room so much better.